4CE3             HYDRAULICS  AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES

L – 3  T – 1

UNIT 1

Dimensional Analysis & Models :

Dynamical Similarity and Dimensional Homegeneity Model experiment,

geometric, Kinematic and Dynamic similarity. Reynold’s, froudes, Weber’s, Euler and Mach numbers.

Distorted river models and undistorted models, proper choice of scale ratios. Scale effect. Principle of

dimensional analysis Rayleigh method, Buckingham theorem, applications of dimensional analysis to pipe

Friction problems, resistance to motion of partially and fully submerged bodies and other simple problems.

Ship model experiments.

UNIT 2

Laminar Flow

: Relation betweens shear & pressure gradient. Flow between plates & pipes. Equations for

velocity distribution, pressure difference.

Turbulent Flow in pipes :

Theories of Turbulence, Nikuradse’s Experiments. Hydrodynamically  smooth &

rough boundaries. Laminar, Sublayer, Equations of velocity distribution and friction coefficient.  Stanton

Diagram, Moody’s diagram.

UNIT 3

Flow through channels

: Uniform, Non-Uniform and variable flow. Resistance equations of Chezy,

Mannring and Bazin. Section factor for uniform flow. Most Efficient rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal

sections. Equations of gradually varied flow in Prismatic channels. Limitation of its applicability and

assumption made in its derivation. Specific emergy of flow. Critical depth in prismatic channels. Alternate

depths. Rapid, critical and sub critical Flow Mild, steep and Critical Slopes. Classification of surface curves

UNIT 4

Rapidly varied flow

: Hydraulic jump or standing wave in rectangular channels. Conjugate or sequent depths

Losses in jump, location of jump. Broad crested weirs for channel flow: Measurement, velocity distribution

in open channels, parshall flume.

Impact of free Jets :

Impact of a jet on a flat or a curved vane, moving and stationary vane, flow over radial

vanes.

UNIT 5

Centrifugal pumps and turbines :

Vulute and whirlpool chambers, Loses of head due to variation of

discharge Manometric and Hydraulic efficiencies, Description of single and multistage pumps. Specific

speed, characteristic curves. Model Test. Reaction and Impulse turbines, specific speed, Mixed flow turbines.

Pelton wheel turbine, Francis turbine, propeller turbine and Kaplan turbine Efficiency, Characteristics of

turbines. Basic principles of governing of turbines, Draft-tube, Selection of turbines, model tests.